English Chinese translation samples--Reasons for outsourcing1

（By freelance Chinese translator li – English to Chinese translation or Chinese to English translation services - website localization– based in Harbin，China）

Organizations that outsource are seeking to realize benefits or address the following issues:
Cost savings. The lowering of the overall cost of the service to the business. This will involve reducing the scope, defining quality levels, re-pricing, re-negotiation, cost re-structuring. Access to lower cost economies through offshoring called "labor arbitrage（劳动套利）" generated by the wage gap between industrialized and developing nations.

Cost restructuring. Operating leverage（营业杠杆） is a measure that compares fixed costs to variable costs. Outsourcing changes the balance of this ratio by offering a move from fixed to variable cost and also by making variable costs more predictable.

Improve quality. Achieve a step change（逐步改变） in quality through contracting out the service with a new service level agreement.

Knowledge. Access to intellectual property and wider experience and knowledge.

Contract. Services will be provided to a legally binding contract with financial penalties and legal redress（纠正，赔偿）. This is not the case with internal services.

Operational expertise. Access to operational best practice（最优方法） that would be too difficult or time consuming to develop in-house.

English Chinese translation samples--Process of outsourcing2

（By freelance Chinese translator li – English to Chinese translation or Chinese to English translation services - website localization– based in Harbin，China）

Contract finalization
At the heart of every outsourcing deal is a contractual agreement that defines how the client and the supplier will work together. This is a legally binding（具有法律约束力的） document and is core to the governance of the relationship. There are three significant dates that each party signs up to the contract signature date, the effective date（生效日期）when the contract terms become active and a service commencement date when the supplier will take over（接管） the services.

Transition（过渡）
The transition will begin from the effective date and normally run until four months after service commencement date. This is the process for the staff transfer and the take-on of services.

Transformation（转化）
The transformation is the execution of a set of projects to implement the service level agreement (SLA), to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO，总拥有成本) or to implement new services. Emphasis is on 'standardization' and 'centralization'.

Ongoing service delivery
This is the execution of the agreement and lasts for the term of the contract.

Termination or renewal
Near the end of the contract term a decision will be made to terminate or renew the contract. Termination may involve taking back（重新接管） services (insourcing) or the transfer of services to another supplier.

English Chinese translation samples--Process of outsourcing1

（By freelance Chinese translator li – English to Chinese translation or Chinese to English translation services - website localization– based in Harbin，China）

Deciding to outsource
The decision to outsource is taken at a strategic level（战略层） and normally requires board approval（董事会批准）. Outsourcing is the divestiture（剥离） of a business function involving the transfer of people and the sale of assets to the supplier. The process begins with（首先） the client identifying what is to be outsourced and building a business case（业务样板，业务案例） to justify the decision. Only once a high level business case has been established for the scope of services will a search begin to choose an outsourcing partner.

Supplier proposals
A Request for Proposal (RFP，征求计划书) is issued to the shortlist（最终候选人名单） suppliers requesting a proposal and a price. The suppliers are usually chosen based on location and at the lowest possible cost to the company.

Supplier competition
A competition is held where the client marks and scores the supplier proposals. This may involve a number of face-to-face meetings to clarify the client requirements and the supplier response. The suppliers will be qualified out（资格筛选） until only a few remain. This is known as down select（下拉式选择，甄选） in the industry. It is normal to go into the due diligence（尽职尽责） stage with two suppliers to maintain the competition. Following due diligence the suppliers submit a "best and final offer" (BAFO) for the client to make the final down select decision to one supplier. It is not unusual for two suppliers to go into competitive negotiations（竞争性谈判）.

Negotiations
The negotiations take the original RFP, the supplier proposals, BAFO submissions and convert these into the contractual agreement between the client and the supplier. This stage finalizes（敲定） the documentation and the final pricing structure.

English Chinese translation samples--outsourcing overview2

（By freelance Chinese translator li – English to Chinese translation or Chinese to English translation services - website localization– based in Harbin，China）

With increasing globalization of outsourcing companies, the distinction between outsourcing and offshoring will become less clear over time（随着时间的流逝）. This is evident in the increasing presence of Indian outsourcing companies in the US and UK. The globalization of outsourcing operating models has resulted in new terms such as nearshoring（近岸外包，近程外包）, noshoring（不完全外包，部分外包）, and rightshoring（适宜外包） that reflect the changing mix of locations. This is seen in the opening of offices and operations centers by Indian companies in the U.S. and UK. A major job that is being outsourced is accounting. They are able to complete tax returns（捐税收入） across seas for people in America.

Multisourcing（多重外包） refers to large (predominantly IT) outsourcing agreements. Multisourcing is a framework to enable different parts of the client business to be sourced from different suppliers. This requires a governance model that communicates strategy, clearly defines responsibility and has end-to-end integration（端对端的整合）.

Strategic outsourcing（战略外包） is the organizing arrangement that emerges when firms rely on intermediate markets（中间市场） to provide specialized capabilities that supplement existing capabilities deployed along a firm’s value chain. Such an arrangement produces value within firms’ supply chains beyond those benefits achieved through cost economies（成本经济）. Intermediate markets that provide specialized capabilities emerge as different industry conditions intensify the partitioning of production（生产细分）. As a result of greater information standardization and simplified coordination, clear administrative demarcations（管理划分） emerge along a value chain. Partitioning of intermediate markets occurs as the coordination of production（生产协作） across a value chain is simplified and as information becomes standardized, making it easier to transfer activities across boundaries.

English Chinese translation samples-outsourcing overview1

（By freelance Chinese translator li – based in Harbin，China – English to Chinese translation or Chinese to English translation services - website localization）

Outsourcing involves the transfer of the management and/or day-to-day execution of an entire business function（业务功能、商业功能） to an external service provider. The client organization and the supplier enter into a contractual agreement（合同） that defines the transferred services. Under the agreement the supplier acquires the means of production in the form of a transfer of people, assets and other resources from the client（can also acquire those from markets）. The client agrees to procure the services(获得服务) from the supplier for the term of the contract. Business segments（业务部门） typically outsourced include information technology, human resources, facilities（设备维护）, real estate management（不动产管理，如物业）, and accounting. Many companies also outsource customer support and call center functions like telemarketing（电话营销）, customer service, market research, manufacturing, designing, web development, content writing（稿件撰写）, ghostwriting（代笔）and engineering.

Outsourcing（业务外包） and offshoring（离岸业务，海外业务） are used interchangeably（可相互代替） in public discourse（谈话，谈论） despite important technical differences. Outsourcing involves contracting with a supplier, which may or may not involve some degree of offshoring. Offshoring is the transfer of an organizational function（组织职能） to another country, regardless of whether the work is outsourced or stays within the same corporation/company.